意识形态辩证法的后阿尔都塞重构

Post-Althusserian Reconstruction of the Dialectics of Ideology

阿尔都塞一生提出两个意识形态概念:一是认识论断裂意义上的"意识形态"概念,二是意识形态国家机器概念。其中意识形态国家机器理论影响最大,但是,这一理论既有亮点也有盲点。它在强调意识形态的物质性的同时,忽视了观念和象征的作用;在强调了意识形态支配作用的同时,没有关注意识形态中反抗和斗争的作用;在强调了意识形态国家性的同时,忽视了非国家意识形态的作用。为了克服上述局限性,佩舒、瑟伯恩、齐泽克分别从意识形态的反质询、非国家意识形态和意识形态中"象征"先验之维的作用等三个方面,弥补了阿氏理论的不足,克服了它的片面性。

Louis Althusser had put forward two conceptions of ideology.In For Marx, 'ideology' refers to practical illusion and myth that are opposite to science.In his late texts,he put forward the famous theory of Ideological State Apparatuses.According him,there are two kinds of State apparatuses,one is repressive State apparatus(SA),another is State ideological apparatuses(ISA).The latter theory is the more influent in western Marxism,but it have fatal defects,specifically,it rightly stresses the role of the ideological material institutions,but neglects role of ideology ideas;it rightly stresses dominant ideology,but neglects ideological revolt;it rightly stresses ideological apparatus of state,but neglects the role of non-state ideology.In a word,Althusser's theory is not dialectical enough.After him,many thinkers try to improve this theory by immanent critique,the famous ones of them are Michel Pecheux,Gran Therborn and Slavoj Zizek.Their work can be called a reconstruction of dialectical discourse of ideology.