基于机械化生产视角的中国蔬菜成本收益分析

Cost-benefit Analysis of Vegetable Production Based on Agricultural Mechanized Production

农业机械是农业生产的重要工具和重要要素,为研究中国蔬菜种植效益的主要影响因素和机械化生产方式下农机化发展对策,运用1998—2012年统计数据对蔬菜生产成本收益进行了定量分析,通过问卷调查和实地调研等方法研究了典型区域蔬菜生产机械化现状及问题。结果表明,中国蔬菜单位面积净利润主要受价格和人工成本因素影响,价格影响程度大于人工成本,通过政策扶持完善蔬菜市场机制,有利于保障种植收益;农药和农膜的投入对蔬菜产量影响大,农药投入影响程度大于农膜投入,农业装备投入对产值影响大,化学农业对蔬菜增产的边际效用逐渐递减,而农机科技的推动作用日益突出;按投入产出指标可将中国主要蔬菜品种分为设施茄果类、露地茄果类和露地叶菜类,蔬菜品种对机械化需求紧迫程度从大到小依次为:露地茄果类、设施茄果类、露地叶菜类;中国蔬菜生产机械化水平较低,因作业环节、区域条件和蔬菜品种的不同而呈现较大差异,政策投入、推广机制和技术创新对机械化技术发展有较大影响,必须坚持因地制宜的原则,探索农机农艺融合的机械化生产技术模式,对于研究通过蔬菜省力化机械生产技术、提高劳动生产率、降低蔬菜生产成本具有重要意义。

Agricultural machinery is the most important equipment and factor of agricultural production. To study main influencing factors of economic benefit and development strategies of agricultural mechanization in China based on vegetables mechanized production, this paper studies agricultural mechanization status and problems of vegetable production in typical region according to questionnaire survey and on-the-spot investigation, and analyzes vegetable cost-benefit based on statistical data from 1998 to 2012. The results show that selling price and labor cost are the main influencing factors on vegetables net profit per unit area, influencing factors range from higher to lower are as follows： selling price, labor cost, which demonstrates that improving vegetable market mechanisms by policy support is helpful to protect the plant benefits. It also shows that pesticide input and agricultural film input are the main influencing factors on vegetable yield, influencing factors range from higher to lower are as follows： pesticide input, agricultural film input. Input in agricultural mechanization is the main influencing factor on vegetable output value, which demonstrates that the marginal utility of chemical agriculture decreases gradually and agricultural machinery has been playing an increasingly prominent role. The main vegetable varieties are classified into greenhouse solanaceous vegetables, outdoor solanaceous vegetables, and outdoor leaf vegetables according to the input-output indicators. The mechanization needs urgent degrees range from higher to lower are as follows： outdoor solanaceous vegetables, greenhouse solanaceous vegetables and outdoor leaf vegetables. Vegetable comprehensive mechanization level is very low in China, which is different for different operation links, different regional conditions and different species. Meanwhile, policy input, extension system and technology innovation have significant impact on vegetable mechanization technology development. It is important to explore agricultural mechanization technology mode, which combines agricultural machinery with agronomy according to local conditions. The research is meaningful for raising lab productivity and reducing vegetable production cost using labor saving vegetable mechanization production technology.