两汉对匈奴西域西羌战争战略研究

The Strategies of Wars against the Hun,the Western Region People and the XiqiangPeople in the Han Era

两汉与周边各族都进行过战争,但对匈奴、西域、西羌的战争战略问题最值得研究。这是因为,匈奴、西域、西羌在反汉问题上是三位一体的,其中当然是以匈奴为主,西域、西羌则为其"右臂",故两汉王朝对三族的战争既分步骤又综合考虑。在战争中所施行的战略措施,有屯田、扩大骑兵、选将练兵、对敌分化瓦解及招抚、残酷镇压等,其中大部分战略都是成功的,唯有斩尽杀绝的战略是失败的。两汉对匈奴、西域、西羌的战争结果,拓展了疆域,加速了民族融合,开辟了丝绸之路,在促进经济发展、文化交流等方面,都起到了积极作用。

The Han people had wars with all frontier alien nationalities, but the most worthy subjects are the strategies of wars against the Hun, the Western Region people and the Xiqiang people, because the Hun, the Western Region people and the Xiqiang people made a trinity in anti-Han issue. Certainly the Hun was the main body,with the Western Region people and the Xiqiang people as his ＂right hand＂. So wars against the three nationalities in the Han era were conducted step by step yet with a comprehensive consideration. Measures practiced in the wars included tuntian （garrison troop do farming ）, enlargement of cavalry, selecting commanders and training soldiers, and disintegrating and offering amnesty to enemy in addition to cruel suppression, etc. Most of the strategies were successful, only the extinction strategy was a failure. What theses wars led to the Han people were territory expansion, acceleration of national integration, and opening the Silk Way, thus had positive effect on promotion of economical and cultural exchanges.