四川省农村固体废物的处理现状、特性与农民环保意识分析

Analysis on the treatment status and characteristics of solid waste and peasants' environmental awareness in rural areas of Sichuan Province

鉴于四川省重要的生态屏障功能和多样的地形气候条件,随机选择该地区10个自然村,通过问卷调查、采样测试等方法,对农村固体废物的处理现状、特性与农民环保意识进行调研,以期为农村典型污染物的管理与处理提供一定的理论支撑和技术指导。调研表明:四川省农村生活垃圾统一清运率相对较高,生活垃圾与塑料薄膜以焚烧为主;人畜粪便主要用作肥料,作物秸秆主要用于生活燃料,绝大部分灰渣均还田,大部分生活污水直接排放,这些处理方式导致了地表水、固体废物和大气的复合型污染。调查村生活垃圾产生量平均值为227g/(人·d),主要组分包括厨余、灰土、纸类、橡胶,生活垃圾平均容重、含水率、灰分、可燃物、低位热值分别为129kg/m3、43.42%、28.22%、28.36%和6 048kJ/kg。农村群众对生活垃圾特性的认知不高,参与环境管理的意愿和对典型污染物处理的支付意愿相对较弱;四川省农村生活垃圾和生活污水处理宜充分利用户用沼气池和中小型沼气工程,采取分散和自行处理为主、集中处理为辅的模式。

Sichuan Province with multiple climate and topography plays an important role on the ecological bar- rier in China. Therefore, 10 villages were selected randomly,where the treatment status and characteristics of solid waste and peasants＇ environmental awareness were studied. The results showed that,the rate of waste collection and transfer was relative high. Domestic waste and plastics were mainly burned~ most of human and animal excreta were used as manure~ majority of straws were used as fuel for daily life and the greatest part of ash was sent back to farm- land. Besides, most of domestic sewage was discharged into surroundings. Therefore,lots of combined environmental contaminations about surface water, solid waste and air were caused by those treatments of typical pollutants. Based on the investigation,domestic waste generation was 227 g/d per capita and it was mainly composed of kitchen waste, dust, paper and plastics. Moreover, the average waste bulk density, moisture content, ash, combustible and low calorific value were 129 kg/ma , 43.42 ~//0,28.22 %, 28.36 ~ and 6 048 kJ/kg respectively. Additionally, the peasants＇ environ- mental knowledge of domestic waste was not very clear and their willingness was not very strong as well to pay for environmental services and to participate in the waste management. Therefore,it was suggested that the decentralized treatments of domestic waste and sewage should be most suitable in the different rural areas of Sichuan Province. It was suggested that the household biogas digesters and the biogas engineering should be fully utilized. Moreover, the treatments of domestic waste and sewage should be supplemented by centralized treatment.