连接纽带抑或依附工具:转型时期中国行业协会研究文献评述

Connection Link or Attachment Tool:Literature Review on the Research of China's Business Associations During the Transition Period

基于国家—社会关系的视角,在目前对当代中国行业协会的主流研究中,公民社会理论强调国家对社团干预的放松和市场经济的发展对协会的影响,法团主义则强调国家对协会的控制与合作。通过对文献的回顾发现,还有一类重要的研究——依附理论的视角,没有得到中国研究者的足够重视。依附理论的视角关注在宏观的国家—社会关系讨论之下权力的实际运作对行业协会的影响,认为除了国家对社团的控制之外,国家对经济的干预也影响了企业家的行为和他们的集体行动意愿。由于国家权力的保留和市场的不完全,企业和行业协会形成了对政府的依附关系,而行业协会仍然镶嵌于国家机构内部,成为依附于地方政府的工具,而不是企业与政府之间的连接纽带。当代中国的行业协会涉及到国家、市场和企业多方的互动关系和复杂的制度环境,依附理论的视角重新定义了行业协会的角色,提供了个体研究的途径和原有研究中未被重视的其他解释变量,为我们进一步了解中国行业协会的发展环境和影响因素构建了可行的分析框架。

Civil Society th eory and Corporatism theory are two mainstream perspectives of studying contemporary Chinese industry associations. Thesetheories represent two different approaches of the industry associations after China＇s economic reform. Based on the perspective of state-social relations, civil society theory emphasizes the influence of market development, while the corporatism is concerned with the special relationship between association, state and market. In addition to the above two perspectives, Clientelism theory suggests that we should focus on the operation of the real power, rather than state-social relations. This viewpoint argues that due to the imperfect market and government intervention, associations are still embedded within the governmental institutions. Clientelism theory provides individual approach and important explanatory variables in the study of business association in contemporary China. It also provides different point of view to reveal the relationship between different elements of the development of associationsmarket development, state intervention and enterprises＇ collective actions. The study of industry association is a central issue of Chinese political economy. The government capacity and influence of economy shape the activities of the business enterprises, which in turn shape the formation and development process of society, therefore calls attention to the increasing need for the study of industry associations.