明末徽州异姓共业山场的析分实态——以祁门汪氏《抄白标书》为中心

On the Distribution of Managing the Mountain Forests Jointly by Different Clans of Huizhou in the Late Ming Dynasty——Focus on the Wang's Copy of the White Tender in Qimen

共业作为徽州重要的产业形态之一,并非仅局限于宗族内部,族际之间也普遍存在共业的现象。异姓共业山场析分较为复杂,往往进行数次分割,具有鲜明的层次性,多为按股分配。异姓共业完全依赖契约关系维系,互助合作的需要是形成共业现象的基础,而彼此间经济利益冲突,则会造成共业终止。

Joint management was an important form of industry in Huizhou, which was not only limited to the internal clan, but also was widespread between different clans. The distribution of managing the mountains forests jointly inside the different clans was very complex, and it usually needed several segmentation, having sharp gradation. Generally speaking, it was distributed according to shares. Joint management by different clans totally depended on contracts. Joint management was also based on the demand of mutual cooperation. The conflicts of economic interests between different clans would cause the termination of joint management .