由天道走向人道——论进化论思想在近代中国的道德化解读

From the Law of Tian to the Law of Human Beings——On the Evolutional Ethics in Modern China

进化论在近代中国的传播是一个影响深远又纷争不断的事件。以严复、梁启超、孙中山为代表的近代学者对进化论进行了中国化的解读。严复强调任天为治,又强调以人持天,天道与人道呈现出双重结构。梁启超合群竞争式的进化理论,强调的是人治与天行的抗争。孙中山借用互助论来限制进化论,提出互助进化理论,其基本观点是人事胜天。天道人道之间,学者们一致走上了对人道力量的强调,尤其是对道德力量的强调。这与近代"道德救国"的思潮走到了一起。

The spread of Evolutionism is a significant story in Modern China. The Scholars, such as Yan Fu, Liang Qichao, Sun Zhong-shan tried to explain and sometimes misread Evolutionism according to the western theories and bioseience. But in fact they reread it according to Chinese traditional thinking mode of Tian and human being and focus on the field of ethics and morality, maybe unconsciously. For Yah Fu, there are two kinds of relations between Tian and human beings. He empha- sizes that human beings should act according to Tian and the law of Tian, on the other hand he thinks human beings could mas- ter the law of Tian. Liang Qi-chao focuses on the struggle between Tian and Human beings and minimizes the danger of competition with human＇s group consciousness. Sun Zhong-shan restricts Evolutionism with mutualism and thinks human being could win Tian. In short the scholars attach importance to the morality.