示形与决胜——国共全面内战初期的山东战场

War Intention and War Situation Vs Battlefield Confrontations——Shandong Battlefield at the Early Stage of Full- Scale Chinese Civil War

山东是国共内战期间双方争夺的重点地区和主战场之一,在内战进程的胜负演进中,起到了至关重要的作用。内战期间山东战场的战争进程,既有一般性,也有特殊性,充分体现了国共双方统帅部的战略运思高度和前线将领的领悟执行能力。与中共始终坚持不移的战略相比较,国民党经历了战略的变化过程。而国民党军战术的机械教条,又与中共部队的灵活主动形成对比。再就战场指导而言,中共强调放手让前线将领发挥主观能动性,国民党蒋介石则对战场干预过多过密,指导往往脱离战场实际,指挥层次太过重叠。因此,就山东战场国共军队的表现而言,中共成功地做到了示形于外而决胜于中,国民党则形虽示而胜未决,这样的格局和结果亦体现在国共内战的总体进程中。

Shandong was one of the key regions and main battlegrounds both KMT and CPC hoped to control, and this battlefield played a vital role in the process of the Civil War. The course of the war on this battlefield displayed particularity as well as generality, and fully reflected both sides＇ strategic thinking of the commander departments and also the insight and executive capacity of military ogicers on the front. While CPC＇ s strategy remained consistent, KMT＇ s strategy went through changes. Besides, the tactics the KMT army employed was mechanical and dogmatic, while that for the CPC troops was more flexible and active. As for battlefield guidance, CPC leaders emphasized subjective initiative for officers on the front, while KMT＇ s commander department imposed frequent intervention on battlefield officers. As was manifested in the different performance of KMT and CPC troops at Shandong Battlefield, war intention and war situation influenced battlefield confrontations, and finally influenced the war result.