浅谈宝物折射出的精神内涵——以中国满通古斯语族诸民族民间宝物故事为例

On the Spiritual Civilization under the Reflection of Fetishes——A case study of the folk stories about fetishes from the five nationalities of Manchu-Tungus Languages in China

运用母题学和文学人类学的方法来分析研究中国满通古斯语族五个民族,即满族、鄂温克族、鄂伦春族、赫哲族和锡伯族的百余篇民间宝物故事可以发现,在这些故事中,宝物的赠与者从自然精灵、神仙精怪、神奇动物到祖先亡灵,形象本身带有浓郁的宗教色彩,充分展现了满通古斯语族诸民族充满原始萨满教特色的自然崇拜、图腾崇拜和祖先崇拜信仰,以及后期皈依佛教、道教对他们的精神信仰所产生的重要影响;宝物的受赠者可以分为受赏者和受罚者两类,他们的社会地位和道德品质迥然不同,故事通过二元对比和赏罚分明的叙述表达了满通古斯语族诸民族劳动人民朴素的道德观念——赞赏善者、贬斥恶者,弘扬勤劳勇敢和善良无私,反对懒惰懦弱和邪恶自私。宝物故事中的赠与者和受赠者展示了中国满通古斯语族诸民族独特的宗教信仰和道德观念。

In folk stories from the five nationalities of Manchu-Tungus languages in China, donors of fetishes range from natural spirits, fairy spirits, magical animals to ancestors＇ souls, and their strong religious overtones fully demonstrate nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship beliefs with original shamanic features, and the influences of Confu- cianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Recipients of fetishes are divided into the rewarded and the punished, and the two have totally different social status and moral qualities. By the dual contrast and the clear rewards-punishments, those stories fully express the moral values of the five nationalities--appreciating the good, denouncing the evil, and promoting the indus- trious, brave and kind-hearted, opposing the lazy, evil and selfish.