国内外全新世环境考古研究的回顾与展望

A Retrospect and Prospect of International Research on Holocene Environmental Archaeology

环境考古旨在研究古代人类社会和其所处自然环境的相互关系,进而探讨由这种相互作用决定的人类生态系统。其认识论和方法论具有经验主义和实证主义相结合的特色,并以历史唯物主义为哲学基础。全新世以来持续多变的全球气候环境,人类进入新石器时代以后日趋复杂的人地关系,使全新世环境考古一开始就是环境考古重要的组成部分,并于近年来发展成为考古学、地球科学特别是地貌与第四纪环境和全球变化研究的主要方向。本文从科学引文检索结果分析入手,回顾了近年来全球各大洲全新世环境考古研究的主要内容及特色,以及地学考古、分子生物考古及多指标综合集成研究方法和技术手段方面的重要进展。未来全新世环境考古必须加强交叉尺度的综合集成研究和长周期模型的开发应用,深入开展农业起源与传播、史前及历史时期土地利用与资源开发等专题研究,注重在人地关系动态阐释中人文科学与自然科学理论的结合,藉以发挥全新世环境考古研究成果的科学指导作用。

The environmental archaeology is aimed at studying the relationship between ancient human societies and their natural environment, and exploring the human ecosystem decided by this interaction. Its epistemology and methodology are characterized by a combination of empiricism and positivism, with the historical materialism as the philosophical basis. Because of the continued volatile global climatic environment since the Holocene, and increasingly complex man-land relations since the Neolithic age of mankind, Holocene environmental archaeology is an important part of the environmental archaeology at the very start. In recent years, it has developed into a main direction of archaeology, earth sciences and in particular global change research, geomorphology and Quaternary environment. From the analysis on science citation retrieval results in recent years, this paper reviewed the main content and features of Holoeene environmental archaeology research of the world＇s continents, and the significant progress of geoarchaeology, molecular archaeology and multi comprehensive integration methods and techniques. The Holocene environmental archaeology must strengthen cross-scale integrated studies and long-cycle model application, and deep special studies on the origin and spread of agriculture, land use and resource development in the prehistoric and historic periods in future. The research results of Holocene environment archaeology should focus on the dynamic man-land relation with a combination perspective of humanities and natural scientific theory, in order to play an important role of scientific guidance in practices.