侧切和急停起跳对篮球运动员前交叉韧带运动生物力学特征的影响

Effects of Sidestep Cutting and Stop-Jump Tasks on Basketball Player's Anterior Cruciate Ligment Biomechanics

目的：前交叉韧带断裂是体育运动中最常见的、严重的、治疗康复费高的膝关节运动损伤之一。研究目的是确定侧切和急停起跳动作对前交叉韧带运动生物力学特征的影响。方法：对男女各25名年龄在18-22岁的篮球运动员完成侧切和急停起跳动作时的下肢三维运动学、动力学和表面肌电特征进行采集和处理。运用2×2混合设计的双因素方差分析（ANOVA）对特征参数进行数理统计。结果：动作和性别对下肢水平向后地面反作用力、膝关节外翻力矩、膝关节内旋力矩、腘绳肌群肌电和压力中心到踝关节中心的水平距离具有显著性交互作用。结论与建议：所有篮球运动员完成侧切比急停起跳时膝关节伸膝力矩增加,这些差异使侧切动作发生ACL损伤的可能性更大。另外,仅男性篮球运动员进行侧切动作时更倾向于采用足跟着地方式、外翻力矩以及腘绳肌肌电更大。与男性相比,女性篮球运动员可能更容易导致ACL负荷增大。此外,在完成急停起跳动作中,男性篮球运动员比女性倾向于足尖着地且水平向后地面反作用力小。研究结果提示了在制定预防ACL损伤训练方案时,应根据不同动作和性别针对性地设计训练方式。

Purpose ： One of the most common, serious and costly injuries in the knee during sports is anterior cruclare ligament （ACL） injury. Our purpose was to explore the effects of sidestep cutting and stop-jump tasks on basketball players＇ ACL biomeehanies. Methods： Three-dimensional kinematics, kinetics and eleetromyography （EMG） data of 25 male and 25 female college basketball players （18 - 22 yrs） performing sidestep cutting and stop-jump tasks were collected. The lower extremity biomechanics characteristics were analyzed by using mixed design 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance （ANOVA）. Results ： Task and gender have significant interaction effects on posterior ground reaction force （GRF） , knee external valgus moment, knee internal external rotation moment, hamstring EMG and distance from center of pressure to ankle. Conclusions and Suggestions： Basketball players＇ knee extension torque increased more in sidestep cutting than in stop-jump task, which suggested that sidestep is more likely to reduce ACL injury. Male basketball players tented to have heel contact way with high knee external valgus moment and EMG during sidestep cutting. Compared with male players, female ones could be more likely to have high load on ACL. During stop-jump, male players tended to have toe contact way with small GRF. Results suggest that task and gender should be considered when formulating training program.