从费希特知识学看现代主体性的三种基本类型

Three types of modern subjectivity in the perspective of Fichte's science of knowing

费希特独有的源初洞见是,主体并非抽象孤立的行动者,而是和客体一道受到"纯粹行动"这一合行为与事态于一体的整体机制规定和引发的。从主体开放性的不同程度来看,现代主体性的三种基本类型都多多少少反映于这一机制之中。费希特本人的思想发展虽然是从第一类主体性走向第二类主体性,但客观上而言,第三类主体性的运行机理也由费希特的三个基本原理出来。这类主体性以其所坚持的内在性世界观,构成了大部分现代思想的一个隐秘的共同起点,甚至构成当代的一些批判现代性思想的前提,这是以往研究容易忽略的一点。现代性批判的真正出路在于对内在性世界的反思。

Fichte’s original insight is that the subject is not an isolated agent,but,together with the object,is subject to an integral machenism,which is at the same time “pure action”and the corre-sponding situation.According to the degree of openness the three types of modern subjectivity are all more or less reflected in this machenism.Although the course of development of Fichte’s thought goes only from the first to the second type,objectively speaking,the inner structure of the third type is also uncovered by Fichte＆#39;s three basic principles in his Science of Knowing.This type of subjectivity makes up a secret starting point of most modern thoughts by its view of the immanent world,and e-ven makes up the premise of some contemporary critiques of modernity,which was often ignored by the previous researches.The really promising approach to the critique of modernity is some reflection of this immanent world.