论黑格尔《法哲学原理》中的道德主体概念

Hegel's notion of the moral subject in Elements of the Philosophy of Right

黑格尔在《法哲学原理》中阐述了一种独特的主体概念,道德主体,这个概念既具有黑格尔主体概念的一般特征,同时又包含着黑格尔对近代主义的批判。本文分三个部分来考察黑格尔对于道德主体的理解。要理解这个主体概念的确切含义,首先必须考察它与同一本书中所阐述的法的其他对象,譬如人格、成员和人等概念之间的区别,突出它的主体性及其区分。其次,这种主体的基本特征是故意和意图,但是由于它的主观性而没有内容,它只能把需要、倾向、热情、私见、幻想等作为它的内容。最后,道德主体在善于良心中达到它的顶峰,这里包含着黑格尔对于近代形式主义道德哲学的深刻批判,同时也预示着道德主体必须向伦理实体的发展。

Hegel describes a unique concept of the subject in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right ,that is,the moral subject,which contains both the the general characteristics of Hegel’s con-cept of the subject and his critique of modern subjectivism.This paper examines Hegel’s notion of the moral subject from three aspects.Firstly,a correct understanding of the exact meaning of the concept of the subject relies on the distinction between this concept and others in the same book like personali-ty,member,human,etc.,highlighting its subjectivity and distinction.Secondly,because the basic feature of this subject is intention or intent without its own content due to its subjectivity,it takes need,tendency,passion,private opinion,fantasy,etc.,as its contents.Finally,the moral subject reaches its peak in good conscience.Here Hegel not only seriously criticizes the formalism of early modern moral philosophy,but also indicates that the subject must develop itself toward the ethical substance.