明代晋北伐木纠纷显现的环境和社会信息

Environmental and Social Information Reflected by Logging Disputes in the North of Shanxi Province in Ming Dynasty

晋北的雁门、宁武、偏头三关一带在明代属边关要地,明中后期,大同总兵在边山地区大肆伐木,引发了山西巡抚与大同总兵之间多次的伐木纠纷。纠纷显示,明初三关一带森林广布,较大的树木多是全新世温暖期森林的遗存,森林和地形结合构成天然军事防御体系是抵御北方游牧骑兵的屏障,但却无资料显示明代人已认识到生态保护的价值。纠纷还显示,三关内、外的人们对三关边防屏障重要性的认识存在差异,一部分人的自私封闭意识与另一部分人的民族正义形成鲜明对比,一些国民的边防危机意识淡薄、地方观念强烈,影响区域之间的合作。

The three districts --Yanmen, Ningwu and Piantou --were important border regions in the Ming dynas- ty. In the middle and later Ming dynasty, the commander-in-chief of Datong cut down a lot of trees in the border re- gion, triggering repeated logging disputes between the provincial governor of Shanxi and the commander-in-chief of Datong. The disputes showed that there were extensive forests with larger trees remaining in existence since the Hol- ocene Warm Period, that the combination of forestry and topography was a natural military defense system, which could withstand the nomadic cavalry from the north. Yet no data displayed that people in the Ming dynasty had been aware of the ecological protection. These disputes also indicated that there existed much difference about the protective importance of the three districts as border defense, some people＇s selfishness and close-mindedness was in sharp contrast with others＇ righteousness, at the same time, some people lacked the consciousness of border crisis but with strong localism, which had hindered the regional cooperation.