明清时期民族乐器发展略览

On the Development of Folk Musical Instrument in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期,随着社会政治、经济、文化、生活的稳定繁荣,我国民间音乐得以进一步发展。多元化的艺术形式,促使了我国明清民族乐器的快速发展和形成。伴随着我国民族乐器品种的不断增多,中国传统乐器的"八音"分类法早已名不符实。20世纪20年代,奥地利乐器学家杭博斯特尔和德国音乐家萨赫斯根据乐器发音原理和方法,创立了现代乐器分类法,将乐器分为四大类:弦鸣乐器、体鸣乐器、膜鸣乐器和气鸣乐器。我国也采用了这种乐器分类法。文章通过对明清弦鸣、体鸣、膜鸣、气鸣等四大类民族乐器的发音原理、形制、制作材料等方面的分析研究,阐述了明清乐器的发展。

In Ming and Qing dynasties, as the society, economy, culture and life thrived, the folk music of China had further developed. Diverse art forms promoted the rapid development and formation of folk musical instruments. With the increasing number of types of folk musical instruments, ＂Eight Type Classification＂ of traditional musical instruments was not used any more. In 1920s, according to the principle and method of sound, Austria instrumentalist Hon Bostle and German musician Sachs created modern classification of instruments. The instruments are classified into four types： chordophone, idiophone, membranophone and aerophone. This classification was also used in China. This paper, by analysing the principle of sound, shape and structure and materials of the fore types of folk musical instruments in Ming and Qing dynasties, elaborated the development of musical instruments at that time.