民用航空器侵权责任主体的相对性及其突破

The Relativity of Civil Aircraft Tort Liability Subject and Its Breakthrough

我国《侵权责任法》中民用航空器侵权责任属于高度危险责任范畴,民用航空器经营人有无过错,均应承担责任。然而,对于经营人之外有过失的第三人能否作为责任主体,以及受害人能否向此类第三人直接求偿并未在该法中得到明确,进而造成了民用航空器侵权责任主体的相对性。这种相对性在一定程度上保护了受害者,是风险与收益平衡的选择以及经济责任的体现,但是这种相对性不利于侵权责任法体系的完整,对于受害人以及航空器经营人的保护并不周延。基于利益平衡以及明辨是非的标准有必要突破这种责任主体的相对性,将具有过失的第三人作为责任主体,并赋予受害人向第三人的直接请求权。

The tort liability of civil aircraft in Tort Liability Law belongs to the category of high risk liability. Whether or not the operator of a civil aircraft is at fault or not,he has to assume responsibility. However,besides the operator,whether or not the third party is at fault could be taken as the responsibility subject,and whether the victim can claim directly to such third party,are not specified in Tort Liability Law,which results in the relativity of subject of tort liability in civil aircraft. The relativity to some extent is beneficial to victims as balance between risks and benefits as well as an embodiment of the economic responsibility,but the relativity is not conducive to intactness of tort liability law system and could not protect the benefits of victims and operators perfectly. Given the balance of interests as well as the standard of making a clear distinction between right and wrong,it is necessary to break the relativity,taking the third party at fault as responsibility subject and to give the victim the right to claim directly to the third party.