国家主席、元首制与宪法危机

Chairmanship,Head of State and Constitutional Crisis

本文旨在探讨1949年以来国家元首制在中国宪法上的呈现方式与跌宕变迁,并借助韦伯的支配社会学和一般意义上的政体类型学,解释新中国的宪法更迭与宪法危机。元首制问题在新中国宪法史上主要表现为国家主席问题,其核心是如何将卡里斯玛式的革命领袖转化为宪法体制上的国家元首,以及政体类型学上的法权安排。从1949年体制中的"委员会制下的主席身份"到"五四宪法"中的二元政体结构,制宪者试图将韦伯意义上的卡里斯玛和官僚制结合起来,但这一不稳定的结构使得卡里斯玛可以轻易地废除官僚体制,从而演变成"七五宪法"和"七八宪法"中的卡里斯玛一元体制。在后卡里斯玛时代,国家元首制在"八二宪法"中经历了从分权制到"三位一体"的不成文宪法变迁,最终以宪法惯例的方式稳定下来。国家元首问题是贯穿历次宪法危机的主线,需要历史主义的梳理和规范主义的分析。

This article explores the construction and transformation of the constitutional institutionof head of state inthe aftermath of the establishment of the People＇s Republic of China, andexplains the PRC ＂s constitutional change and crisis in light of Max Weber＇s social theory and regime typology. It addresses the crucial questions that whether the Chinese Chairman is the head of state, and how the charismatic revolutionary leader was configured asa head of state of the constitutional regime. The change from ＇pres ident under committee~ in the 1949 system to the dual regime on the 1954 Constitution, constituent de- signers tried to combine the Weberian Charismawiththe operational bureaucracy. However, the Charisma couldabolish the bureaucracy with no difficulty in this unstable structure, which would evolve into the to- talitarianism of Charisma on the 1975 Constitution and that next to it. Since the end of the Charisma peri- od, the system of head of state has undergone an unwritten constitutional change from decentralization to the centralized “trinity”,and a new constitutional convention emerged. The institution of head of state is the key factor in PRC＇s constitutional crises, which is in need of both historical and normative analysis.