斯宾诺莎自然观的生态伦理意蕴初探

On the Ecological Ethics Implication of Spinoza??s View of Nature

作为彻底的自然主义者,斯宾诺莎在批判基督教传统与笛卡尔实体论的前提下,确立了上帝、实体与自然的"三位一体"自然观,建构了本体论-认识论-伦理学组成的完整的形而上学体系。斯宾诺莎的自然观是广延与思想的统一,这表明自然界本身就是自己存在的原因,自然界的一切事物无论有着什么样的质的差异,都存在于统一的自然界中。在伦理学探究中,从上帝、实体与自然"三位一体"自然观基础出发,为了使人心臻于完善,必须充分了解自然,走出人心对财富、荣誉和感官快乐等外在善的追求,仅在正当、合理的限度内才是获得幸福的手段,而不是幸福本身。只有"人的心灵与整个自然相一致的知识",才能获得最高的幸福。对斯宾诺莎自然观的伦理探析,不只是还原理论本身及其阐释,更是为了促进当代人与自然、人与人关系的和谐。目前生态伦理探究处于人类中心主义与自然中心主义对立的"两难选择"胶着状态,使自身理论的整体性无法显现。如何从"两难选择"的僵持状态走向生态伦理观的整合,是自然环境保护理论与实践的内在要求。斯宾诺莎的自然实体论及其幸福伦理观探讨从人与自然主客二分状态走向统一的和谐思想,启发人们重新发现并尊重自然的生态价值,限定人的知性的能力范围,唤醒人们的生态道德意识,规范生态道德行为,因而对关于自然环境保护的生态伦理观研究乃至生态文明建设有某种思想启示。

By criticizing Christian tradition and Decare＇s entity theory, the radical naturalist, Spinoza established the ＂Holy Trinity＂ view of nature involving God, entity and nature, which has constructed a complete metaphysical system composed of ontology, epistemology and ethics. Spinoza＇s view of nature is the unity of thoughts and extension, which indicates that the reason of nature＇s existence is the nature itself, no matter what qualitative differences there are, all substances exist in a united nature. In ethics studies, starting from the basis of ＂Holy Trinity＂ view of nature, in order to perfect human, we must fully understand the nature, out of the pursuit of external wellbeing, such as weahh, honor and sensual pleasure. The only way to acquire happiness is to get them in a proper, reasonable way, and the combination of both human mind and nature is the only approach to the biggest happiness. The study on Spinoza＇s view of nature from ethical angle is not only to interpret the theory itself, but also to promote the harmony between human and nature, as well as between human. The present study about ecological ethics is at a ＂dilemma＂ between two opposite views of anthropocentrism and naturalism, which cannot presents the completeness of the theory. It is an internal request for the theory and practice of environment protection to move from the ＂dilemma＂ towards the integration of ecological ethics. Spinoza＇s natural entity theory and his view on happiness ethics discuss the harmonious thoughts of evolving from subject-object dichotomy to unification between human and nature. He also inspires people to rediscover and respect the ecological value, defines the scope of human intellectuality, arouses people＇s awareness of ecological morality, norms ecological morality behavior, thus enlightens ecological ethics research about natural environmental protection and ecological civilization promotion