罗马法中的人与家庭

Persona and Familia in Roman Law

罗马法中的人,既具有个体性又具有集体性,反映了罗马人特有的个体与集体互动的观念。罗马法中的家庭(familia)具有多义性,可指财产,也可指人的集合。罗马法中的家庭观受到了毕达哥拉斯学派的自然法观念影响,家庭作为宇宙秩序的首要但并非唯一环节,先于城市存在,是共和国的温床。人在家庭之中,作为家庭的一份子,但同时也是城市、共和国的一份子。人在罗马法中居于中心位置,作为集体的罗马人民是现实的、具体的团体,而非理念的、抽象的团体。家庭的首要意义在于增长,因此,罗马法中的成年以性成熟为标准,且婚姻必须是异性婚。家父权并非不受限制,家子具有自治的地位,以家父权为纽带建立的家庭是为了满足增长的需要。

The term persona in Roman law represents a notion characterized with both individuality and collectivity, which reflects the idea of interaction between the individual and the collective. The familia in Roman law is a concept with various significances which could either indicate properties or a group of people. The notion of familia in Roman law was deeply influenced by the idea of Natural Law derived from the Pythagorean school, which constitutes the primary but not the unique link of Universal Order, preexistent to the naissance of city, and constitutes the hotbed of the Republic. Persona holds itself in familia, being part of the latter and meanwhile part of the city and of the Republic. In Roman law, persona is always at the center, the Romans as a collectivity is a realistic and concrete group instead of an ideal and abstract one. The primary significance of familia is to reproduce, that is why in Roman law the criterion of becoming adult is sexual matu- rity, and the only form of marriage is heterosexual. The patria potesta is not beyond control, in fact the filius familais is au- tonomous. And the constitution of the familia based on the patria potesta is for the scope of reproduction.