从光学显微镜到光学“显纳镜”

FROM OPTICAL MICROSCOPE TO OPTICAL NANOSCOPE

光学显微镜在生物学和医学等众多科学技术以及生产领域发挥着重要作用,分辨能力已经进入纳米尺度.本文综述了光学显微镜的放大原理、结构组成、发展历史、在生物学发展中的推动作用以及超越阿贝衍射极限实现超分辨荧光显微镜——光学显纳镜的原理和方法.光学显纳镜重点介绍了2014年获得诺贝尔化学奖的两项超分辨荧光显微技术,一是以光激活定位显微技术为代表的单分子显微技术,一是通过增加一束损耗光等效减小激发光斑大小来实现超分辨的受激发射损耗显微技术.

Optical microscope has always been playing a crucial role in many science areas such as biological and medical science. It has also revealed its importance in production, especially now its spatial resolution has reached nanometers. This review summarizes optical microscope＇s principle, configuration, history, its promoting role in the development of the biological science and how to surpass the Abbe＇s diffraction limit to realize the super-resolved fluorescence microscope--the optical nanoscope. As for the nanoscopy, we focus on two techniques that was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014： the single-molecule microscopy as represented by the photoactivated localization microscopy and the stimulated emission depletion microscopy using another quenching beam to equivalently reduce the excited volume.