我国环境民事公益诉讼制度的亮点、不足及完善——以2014年12月最高人民法院通过的“两解释”为分析重点

Highlights and Shortcomings of Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation——Focusing on Supreme Court's two Judicial Interpretations of 2014

无论2012年《民事诉讼法》第55条,还是2014年《环境保护法》第58条,对环境民事公益诉讼的规定都过于粗略,不具有操作性。有鉴于此,2014年12月最高法院连续作出了两次司法解释,力图为审理环境民事公益诉讼案件提供可操作的司法规则。我国环境民事公益诉讼制度的进步之处在于确立了中级法院的管辖权,初步确立了特别保护弱者的激励机制,首次确立了生态修复赔偿之诉等方面;但是仍然存在明显不足:原告资格过于苛刻、受案范围过于狭窄、管辖规则与激励机制半就半推等。针对这些不足,有必要进一步明确"法律规定的机关"的范围,赋予公民个人环境民事公益诉讼建议权与起诉权,正确处理环境公益诉讼与环境行政执法、环境行政公益诉讼及其他民事诉讼的衔接关系,落实巡回法庭管辖规定,确立私人原告胜诉奖励制度,以期能够更有效地保障环境民事公益诉讼的实施。

2012 Civil Procedure Law Article 55 and 2014 Environment Protection Law Article 58 are brief and nonoperational on the environmental civil public interest litigation. Accordingly, the supreme people ＇ s court passed two judicial interpretations in December, 2014, with the purpose of providing operational regulations for environmental civil public interest litigations. Advantages lie in estab- lishment of intermediate court jurisdiction, incentive system construction of protecting the weak, affirmation of ecological restoration compensation action and so on. However, there are still some disadvantages： strict limitations of plaintiff standing, narrow scope of ac- cepting cases, improvements - deserving jurisdiction regulations, incentive system and so on. For the disadvantages, it is necessary for the following steps. Firstly, ＂organs stipulated by law＂ should be cleared. Secondly, individuals＇ right of making suggestions and right of actions should be entitled. Thirdly, an overall consideration to environmental public interest litigation, environmental administrative enforcement, environmental administrative public interest litigation and other civil litigations should be given. Fourth, jurisdiction of circuit court should be implemented. Last but not least, public interest litigation reward system should be built. The five factors above aim at a more effective enforcement of civil public interest litigation.