公众参与理念在美国土地规划票决中的实践及启示

The Conception of Citizen Participation in the Referendum of Land Planning in the US:Practice and Enlightenment

美国的投票式分区管制将票决制度运用于土地规划,是一种最强程度的公众参与。实践表明,土地规划领域有适用票决制度的必要,票决制度体现的公众参与特征包括决策者与参与者之间的双向沟通关系,决策结果对公众参与具有高度的依赖性。在信息公开制度健全、议题限制、平等保护审查等条件下,居民投票不会沦为"愚众政治",与专业机构判断的对立也会缓解,而且也不会"压迫少数人的意见"。我国应在涉及健康、生命安全的公共项目选址决策中引入票决制度,并同时完善信息公开配套机制,以及加强对居民投票决策不违反公益要求的程序管控。

In the US, regulations on ballot box zoning have been used in land planning with the feature of citizen participation to the strongest extent. In practice, the referendum system is necessary to be applied in land planning for it involves citizen participation which can reach a bilateral communication between decision -makers and participants and such decisions rely much on citizen participation. Citizens＇ ballot will not de- scend to ＂politics of fooling public＂ guaranteed by conditions of perfect system of information publicity, re- striction of arguments and review of equal protection. Moreover, the confrontation against judgment by profes- sional agencies will be alleviated and citizens＇ ballot will neither result in ＂oppressing the minority＇s opinion＂. In our country, the referendum system should be introduced in decision - makings pertinent to public program sites involving health care and living safety. In the meanwhile, relevant measures on information publicity should be perfected and procedural regulations against violation of public interest should be enhanced.