不同质地土壤不同林龄巴旦木叶片及土壤养分动态变化研究

Study on Nutrient Elements Content of Leaf and Soil in Different Age Badam and Different Texture Soil

为探明新疆莎车县巴旦木主栽区不同土壤质地下巴旦木土壤养分和叶片营养水平分布特征,笔者分别以沙土和壤土质地巴旦木幼树林和盛果期林为研究对象,测定叶片及0~20、20~50 cm深度土壤的有机质和养分含量,分析莎车县巴旦木不同土壤质地、不同发育阶段、不同生长时期土壤肥力状况及对矿质营养元素利用需求模型。结果显示：沙质土壤巴旦木园土壤碱解氮、有效磷、有机质水平较低,土壤速效钾、有效硫与钙含量丰富,镁浓度适中;壤土巴旦木园土壤有机质含量缺乏,速效磷、速效钾、有效硫与钙、镁含量丰富,微量元素中有效锌缺乏;壤质土全氮、有效磷、镁、铜、铁含量均高于沙质土,沙质土微量元素铜、锌、铁、锰含量均缺乏;而巴旦木不同发育期对土壤养分含量影响几乎一致;巴旦木不同树龄叶片在展叶期-果实膨大期-采收期的营养元素含量变化趋势大致相同,巴旦木对大量元素的吸收主要发生在果实膨大期和采收期;展叶期主要以吸收全氮、速效钾为主,膨大期主要吸收速效氮和有机质为主;对微量元素的吸收主要集中在果实采收期,并且主要以吸收铁、锰元素为主,锌次之;膨大期以硼为主,其它微量元素吸收较少。根据平衡施肥的原则得出：巴旦木果实膨大期和硬核期以增施氮磷肥为主,在硬核期以增施钾肥为主,期间适当补充树体所需的微量元素,在采收后或次年年初施足有机肥和氮肥。

In order to study soil and leaf nutrient status of badam （Amygdalus communis L.） under different types of soil texture in Shache County of Xinjiang, which is the main area for badam cultivation, the author took sapling and productive age badam grove under sandy soil and loam soil as study objects, measured nutrient status of leaf and soil （0-20 cm and 20-50 cm）, analyzed the soil fertility condition and mineral elements fertility demand model under different soil textures, developmental stages and growth periods. The results showed that the supply level of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and organic matter were relatively low in sandy soil, the supply level of available potassium, available sulfur and calcium were relatively high, soil magnesium content was moderate. Soil organic matter was deficient in loam soil, the level of available phosphorus, available potassium, available sulfur, calcium and magnesium were relatively high, soil zinc was deficient in loam soil. The contents of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, magnesium, copper and iron in loam soil were higher than those in sandy soil, copper, zinc, iron and manganese in sandy soil were deficient, the effect of badam in different developmental stages on soil nutrient content was almost the same. The nutrient elements content variation trend of different age leaves in leaf expansion period- fruit enlargement period- harvest period was almost the same; the main absorption stage of major dements was fruit enlargement and harvest period; leaf-expansion period mainly absorbed total nitrogen, available potassium, and expanding period mainly absorbed available nitrogen and organic matter. The absorption of microelement was mainly in the harvest period, and the absorbed elements were mainly iron and manganese, followed by zinc; the expanding stage mainly absorbed boron, and the absorptions of other microelement were less. Based on the principle of balanced fertilization, we could conclude that during badam fruit enlargement period and hardcore period, it is suitable to give nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, while potassium fertilizer should be given in hardcore period mainly. Microelement fertilizer should be added appropriately, and after harvest or at the beginning of the second year, enough organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied.