康德为什么重写“先验演绎”?——对《纯粹理性批判》中两版“先验演绎”的解读

Why Kant Rewrote transcendental deducation: An Interpretation on the Two Editions of The Critique of the Pure Reason

1787年,康德在第一版《纯粹理性批判》的基础上又发表了第二版。其中,"先验演绎"部分几乎是完全重写。不过,很多研究者对于两版的差异却做出了截然不同的评价。一方如沃尔夫等人认为两版演绎并没有太大差别,而且他更重视第一版;另一方,如亨利希、阿利森等认为康德的第一版演绎是不成熟的,有些论点甚至站不住脚,而只有第二版才真正代表着康德成熟的思想。此外,像帕顿、斯密等人则主要持一种中间立场,本文比较认可这一立场,即第二版演绎确实更加清楚、合理,但要充分理解康德的本意,必须综合考量两版"演绎",因为在很多方面,第一版演绎发挥着对于第二版补充说明的作用。为了完成这一任务,一方面,本文将对"先验演绎"的结构进行分析,主要围绕帕顿提出的"主观—客观演绎"之说,以及此后亨利希提出的著名的"一个证明、两个步骤"的观点而展开;另一方面,对于其中所涉及的基本概念如先验统觉、先验想象力以及先验对象,本文就其不同程度的使用情况进行了梳理,以便更好地把握康德在两版演绎中的思路变化。

In 1787, Kant published the second edition of The Critique of the Pure Reason on the base of the first. In the second edition, the part of transcendental deduction was almost rewritten thoroughly. However, many researchers gave some different opinions. On the one hand, like Wolf, he argued that the two editions were not different significantly, and he attached more importance to the first edition; on the other hand, like Henrich ＆ Allison, they saw the first edition as not perfect one, in which, some points and reasoning were problematic. In contrast, the second reflected Kant＇s thoughts more authentically. In addition, Paton and Smith held the opinion that the second was more perfect than the first, but at the same time the latter is necessary to the former, with which the author of this paper agrees. Since the first edition supplemented and interpreted the second in many ways, this paper holds that, it is essential to analyze the two editions comprehensively in order to understand Kant correctly and fully. Therefore, this paper analyzes the structure of the transcendental deducation mainly focusing on Paton＇s subjective-objective deduction and Henrich＇s one proof, two steps. At the same time, it also sums up the different contexts of some key concepts, such as, transcendental apperception, transcendental imagination and transcendental object so as to reveal the subtle development and changes in the texts.