市场失灵、国有企业与政府管制

Marketing Failure,State-owned Enterprises and Government Regulation

如果在完全竞争市场的世界里,只要依靠市场价格机制就能达到一种稳定的最优均衡,市场是有效率的,每个市场主体都能够在自身利益最大化这一假定前提下作出良好决策。在这种情况下,私有企业是有效率的,是不需要政府对私有企业管制和创建国有企业的。然而,一旦因自然垄断、外部性和不公平等引起市场失灵,市场价格体系的内在机制就是不稳定的,很容易造成收入差距拉大和经济不稳定,最优均衡是不存在的。此时作为准政府机构,国有企业的存在是十分必要的,重点是弥补市场失灵。然而,由于国有企业所有者的机会主义行为和道德风险,又使得国有企业成为市场不稳定或经济低效率的来源,从而造成国有企业失灵,因此还需要政府加强对国有企业管制,包括反垄断法的制定实施、价格管制以及国有企业的分红和租金管理等,界定不同国有企业的功能及其目标。不能仅仅偏好私有企业,政府管制对国有企业而言也十分重要,这对于全面深化经济体制改革具有重要意义。

if in a world of perfect competitive market, price mechanism itself can be depended on to achieve a stable optimal equilibrium and the market will be efficient. Every market player can make a good decision under the premise of maximizing their own interests. In this case, the private enterprise is efficient. Therefore, it is no necessary for the government to control the private enterprises and create state-owned enterprises. However, once natural monopoly, externality and unfairness cause the marketing failure, the internal mechanism of marketing price system will not be stable. The widening income gap and economic instability will come into being and the optimal equilibrium actually will not exist. As quasi-government agencies, it is necessary that the state-owned enterprises do exist, as can make up for the marketing failure. However, due to opportunism and moral risk of the state-owned enterprisers, the state-owned enterprises would result in the market instability and low economic efficiency, leading to the failure of state-owned enterprises. Therefore, the government is needed to strengthen the control of state-owned enterprises, including enacting the antitrust laws, price controls, dividends and rent management of state-owned enterprises, and defining the functions and goals of different state owned enterprises. Government regulation is important for state-owned enterprises and the private enterprises as well, which is of great significance in deepening the over-all reform of economic system.