理解公正的解释框架——兼论超越伦理话语框架之可能

Understanding the Discourse Structure of Justice:Co-Discussing on the Possibility of Transcending Ethic-Discourse Structure

人类的公正思想源远流长又恒久弥新。在公正思想滥觞中,形成和产生了不同的公正理论,而在各种公正理论的发展、争论与交互影响的过程中,公正的话语框架也逐渐显现并确立成型。以亚里士多德、康德、罗尔斯等典型的公正话语框架为例,可以发现伦理话语框架在公正的话语体系中居于核心地位,而其本质即共同的话语基础则是"应得正义观"。通过考察"应得正义观"及建构其上的伦理话语框架,其原始假设"世界基本上是公正的"值得商榷。事实上,并不存在一个特定或相似的公正的共同话语框架——伦理话语框架。要理解公正的话语框架,应该跳出伦理话语框架思考公正概念、公正理论与公正话语的内在关系,这需要一种基于且服从于理解的解释思维——政治诠释学。在理解公正的过程中,政治诠释学所建构的话语框架的思维形式、解释路径和反思逻辑,能有效反思公正的伦理话语框架,进而以政治诠释学的话语框架批判并超越理解公正的伦理话语框架的可能局限,以期解放对公正的理解。

Justice is the first virtue of social institutions. Although it is the most important concept in political philosophy, it is also one of the most contested concepts in theoretical and practical horizon. As justice theorists like Aristotle, Kant, Rawls said, justice is not only a social-political value, but also a discourse structure constructed by ethic-discourse system, which presupposed that the world like ours should be a just society and justice is the absolutist line taken for justifying what and how people due to gain, fiat justicia ruat caelum. But justice is a basic concept of vital importance and merits our comprehensive understanding. The concept is a systematically contested one that is tossed about rhetorically from many hermeneutics structures, which could imply the other discourse structures for a profound understanding of justice. So, I have tried to show the faults of ethic-discourse structure in order to find a new understanding structure of concept of justice, which will be named political hermeneutics. In the process of understanding concept of justice, political hermeneutics will bring about, comparing with ethic-discourse structure, the neo-understanding mind, the comprehensive agenda of explaining and the self-examination of the structure itself. In this new discourse system, I have tried to be impartial and fair in assessing various theories in different disciplines but nevertheless my own conclusions are often clearly stated.