直苴彝族倮倮颇祭“尼”仪式研究——兼与埃里克·缪格勒商榷

A Research on the "Ni" Ritual Ceremonies of Luoluopo People of Yi in Zhiju Village:And Discussion with Erik Mueggler

在《野鬼的年代》中,美国人类学家缪格勒运用直苴彝族倮倮颇祭"尼"仪式素材,借助"野鬼"("尼"的一种)这一概念,讨论了民族国家与一个"受伤"的地方性社会之间的互动过程,由此展现了倮倮颇这一群体的记忆和空间。作为一种描述工具,祭"尼"仪式被作者碎片化地加以使用,而有关祭"尼"仪式的逻辑、本质、动力等更为深入和关键的问题却被遮蔽了,由此不能不影响到本书结论的可靠性。本文在深入调查祭"尼"仪式的基础上,指出"尼"是鬼、神、妖魔、灵魂等的总称,"尼"产生的基础是万物有灵,祭"尼"的目的是祖荫庇护。人"尼"之间的使者毕摩,通过祭"尼",实现众"尼"归位,有效实现了人"尼"之间的动态平衡。

In The Age of Wild Ghosts,American Anthropologist Erik Mueggler explored the concept of wild ghosts( 'Ni') and discussed the interactive processes between the nation-state and the ' hurt' local society by utilizing materials from the ' Ni' ritual ceremonies of Luoluopo people of Yi in Zhiju village.Based on it,he revealed the memory and place of this local group.In the study, 'Ni' ritual ceremonies in the form of fragments were used as as a description tool by the author,however,the logic,nature,and the power behind these ceremonies did not be discovered,which thus undoubtedly affected the reliability of the conclusion of this book.Based on in-depth investigations into 'Ni' ritual ceremonies,the paper gives a new understanding for 'Ni' :it is altogether a ghost,a god,a demon,and a spirit.The basis of 'Ni' is animism which means all living things have souls.The goal of 'Ni' ritual ceremonies is to ensure ancestral blessings and protect the living.Bimo,the envoy between 'Ni' and the human world,performs 'Ni' ritual ceremonies to return those spirits to their rightful world,which effectively maintains the dynamic equilibrium between the 'Ni' and the human world.