中国工业劳动力蓄水池现状及其对新建企业选址的影响

The Industrial Labour Pool in China and Its Effect on Location Choice of New Firms

文章估计并描述了中国286个地级及以上城市工业劳动力蓄水池的规模、职业结构和空间分布情况,发现劳动力蓄水池呈空间非均衡分布,沿海地区无论规模还是专业化程度都具有明显的优势。文章利用微观企业数据,构建计量模型检验劳动力蓄水池对新建企业选址的影响,结果显示:(1)劳动力蓄水池状况对新建企业选址有显著影响,企业倾向于选择劳动力蓄水池总量规模大、供需结构匹配度高、工资水平低的城市;(2)工业化程度高的地区、技术水平要求高的产业受供需结构匹配度影响更强烈,工业化进程推进、产业结构提升将进一步凸显供需结构匹配的重要性;(3)其他控制变量也影响企业选址,但不同行业的关注点各有侧重。轻工业重市场,重工业重资源,高技术产业重地价。

The paper estimates and describes the scale,occupation structure and spatial distribution of industrial labour pool in 286 cities in China.It finds that the spatial distribution of labour pool is obviously unbalanced among cities.Coastal areas have obvious advantages in scale and degree of specialisation.This paper constructs on econometric model to analyse how labour pooling affects location choice of new firms by using micro enterprise data.The results show:(1) Labour pools affect location choices of new firms remarkably.The firms tend to choose a city with big total scale of labour pool,high structure matching degree of supply and demand and low wage;(2) The cities with more industrial development and the industries with higher technology are more sensitive to the matching degree of supply and demand,which is showing increasing importance in the process of industrialisation and the upgrade of industrial structure;(3) Other control variables also play significant roles in location choice but vary among industries.Market is important to light manufacturing.Nature resource is important to heavy manufacturing.Land price is important to high technology manufacturing.