真实和模拟火灾情境下小鼠的从众行为:一种启发式策略

Herding under real-fire and simulated-fire conditions: A heuristic strategy

从生态理性视角探讨并比较小鼠在真实火灾和模拟火灾情境下的从众行为.研究由2个预备训练和3个正式实验组成.研究发现:(ⅰ)当小鼠缺乏明确逃生信息,而鼠群传递的逃生信息明确时,小鼠倾向于采纳群体信息,选择从众;(ⅱ)当小鼠掌握明确的逃生信息,鼠群传递的逃生信息也明确时,小鼠按照自己所掌握的信息选择逃生路线,不从众;(ⅲ)小鼠所掌握的逃生信息被遗忘,鼠群传递的逃生信息也变模糊时,小鼠在真实火灾情境下不从众,在模拟火灾情境下从众.结果表明,从众是一种启发式策略,具有生态理性适应功能;在存有逃生路线和出口相关信息记忆痕迹(内隐记忆)的前提下,真实火灾情境会优先激活与直接逃生信息相关的记忆,而从众启发式不具有优先激活性.

This study compared herding behavior in mice under real-fire and simulated-fire conditions from the view of eco-rationality. Study 1 used 80 mice and adopted a 2 （conditions： Real-fire or Simulated-fire） x 2 （learning： Na＇fve or Trained） inter-group design. The trained group consisted of 16 mice that learned escape routes through training and the Na＇l＇ve group consisted of 16 untrained mice. The remaining 48 mice were false subjects （crowd） and were also trained to learn the escape routes. Study 2 used 64 trained mice and adopted a 2 （conditions： Real-fire or Simulated-fire） x 2 （individual mouse＇s memory： Remembered or Forgotten） mixed design. Sixteen of these mice were randomly assigned to the remembered experimental group before receiving treatment that made them forgot the escape routes （memory-loss treatment） and to the forgotten experimental group after receiving the treatment. The remaining 48 trained mice were the crowd （false subjects）. Study 3 used 80 trained mice and adopted a 2 （Real-fire or Simulated-fire） × 2 （crowd＇s memory： Remembered or Forgotten） inter-group design. The remembered crowd （false subjects） consisted of 48 mice that did not undergo memory-loss treatment. Sixteen mice were randomly assigned to the remembered experimental group. The forgotten crowd consisted of 48 mice that received the memory-loss treatment. An additional 16 randomly chosen mice received the memory-loss treatment and were assigned to the forgotten experimental group. Mice in each study were randomly and equally distributed between the real-fire and simulated-fire conditions. The dependent variable for all studies was the escape strategy of the mice in the experimental groups, which was assessed by measuring escape time and exit choice. The main findings were： （1） when mice did not know an escape route and the crowd did, they tended to follow the crowd; （2） when mice knew an escape route, they preferred to choose this route rather than follow the majority, even if the crowd clearly knew how to escape; and （3） when mice had forgotten an escape route and escape-related information obtained from the crowd was no longer clear, herding behavior occurred under the real-fire condition but not under the simulated-fire condition. In conclusion, herding is a heuristic strategy that corresponds to ecological rationality. During a real fire, if the individual has an implicit memory associated with escape, priority is given to this knowledge instead of the herding heuristic.