中国渐进式人口市民化的政策实践与启示

Progressive Population Citizenization in China:Experiences and Implications

人口市民化伴随城市化,有特定的阶段性和时代烙印。文章以能否享受城镇基本公共服务为着力点,以重要时点与政策嬗变为判断依据,考查新中国以来所经历的改革开放前严格限制、改革开放以来指标控制、2000年以来政策引导以及2010年以来政府主导推动的渐进式市民化历程。国家户籍制度改革和居住证制度的全面实施为加快市民化提供了保证,地方或群众的实践情况仍是决定人口市民化成效的关键所在。人口市民化的影响因素来自城市、农村、农民(工)和管理体制四大类,主要受生活成本、工作机会、居住成本、生活习惯、教育素养等方面综合作用。需要构建城市一乡村统一体系,建立有效的城乡推拉机制,发挥城市环境的同化作用,循序渐进促进人口市民化。

This paper examines the progressive process of population citizenization in China accord- ing to the availability of urban basic public services and relevant policy changes,which is differentiated by rigid constraint before 1978 ,target control between 1978 and 2000, policy guidance between 2000 and 2010,and government leading and promoting since 2010. While the reform of the national house- hold registration system and the full implementation of the residence permit system provide guarantee for speeding up the citizenization process, local or mass practice is crucial to the effectiveness of popula- tion citizenization. The major factors affecting population citizenization come from city, countryside,farmers （migrant workers） and management system, which are generally influenced by cost of living, job opportunities, housing costs, living habits, and educational quality. Unified city-countryside system, effective urban and rural push-pull mechanism and assimilation of urban environment are policy priorities for orderly and progressively promoting population citizenization.