曼哈顿工程与美国科技制度变迁:一个“社会运动”的诠释

Manhattan Project and the Institutional Change of Science and Technology in the U.S.:An Interpretation based on Social Movement Theory

基于资源动员理论、政治过程理论和社会结构理论的整合分析框架,将二战期间的美国"曼哈顿工程"视作由政府、军队、科学家、工程师和工业企业家等自上而下联合发动的一场社会运动。这场运动得以实现的原因在于领袖、参与者与支持者的转换,并在特定的历史条件下导致了强政治机会结构的出现和强内生组织的形成。这场运动的后果是解放了社会对科学家与科学技术应用的认知,推动了社会结构的变迁,使得美国的科技制度从"小科学"进入到"大科学"。在新的社会结构下,美国的经济增长模式从"资源依赖"转变为"以知识为基础"。

Based on an integrated framework of resource mobilization theory, political process theory and social structure theory,the Manhattan Proiect,whieb was brought out by the U. S. A. duriag world war Ⅱ,is analysised as a social move- ment jointly launched by the U. S. government, army, scientists, engineers and industrialists. It is argued that the changing of leadership, participants and supporters and specific historical conditions lead to the emerge of strong political opportunity structure and the forming of strong endogenous organization. As a result,Manhattan Project has liberated the social cogni- tive of scientists and the application of science and technology, and promoted the changing of social structure, which change the intitution of science and technology in the U. S. from little science into big science. Within the new social structure,the economic growth pattern of the U. S. has changed from ＂Resource dependence＂ into ＂Based on the konwledge＂,