鄱阳湖越冬水鸟共存机制的初步研究

The Study on Coexistence Mechanism of Wintering Water Birds at Poyang Lake,Jiangxi Province,China

为从形态学阐述水鸟共存机制，对鄱阳湖越冬的常见水鸟（24种游禽和36种涉禽）的体质量、体长、嘴峰、跗蹠长进行统计分析.结果显示，游禽间体质量比值（1.22±0.06）和嘴峰比值（1.22±0.14）略高，体长比值（1.09±0.03）和跗蹠长比值（1.07±0.02）略低.涉禽间体质量比值（1.18±0.03）略高，体长比值（1.07±0.01）、嘴峰比值（1.09±0.01）和跗蹠长比值（1.08±0.2）略低.游禽和涉禽的各形态特征比值均在1.1～1.2左右，这说明鄱阳湖鸟类的共存主要依赖物种的生态习性的分化维持的.亲缘物种形态特征较为相似.灰鹤（ Grus grus）与白枕鹤（ G. vipio）、小白额雁（ Anser erythropus）与灰雁（ A. anser）、罗纹鸭（ Anas falcata）与针尾鸭（ A. acuta）、斑嘴鸭（ A. poecilorhyncha）与赤颈鸭（ A. penelope）等鸟类间形态相似性较高，黑翅长脚鹬（ Himantopus himantopus）、反嘴鹬（ Recurvirostra avosetta）、白琵鹭（ Platalea leucoro-dia）、苍鹭（ Ardea cinerea）等鸟类与其它水鸟差异较大.运用竞争排斥原理分析了水鸟形态分化与物种共存和数量多寡的关系。

In order to explain the coexistence mechanism of common water birds at Poyang Lake from morphological perspective,the body weight,body length,culmen length and tarsus-metatarsus length of 24 waterfowls and 36 wa-ding birds were analyzed. The result indicated that,the ratio of body weight and culmen length of waterfowls were relatively high（1. 22 ± 0. 06 and 1. 22 ± 0. 14,respectively）while the ratio of body length and tarsus-metatarsus length were relatively low（1. 09 ± 0. 03 and 1. 07 ± 0. 02,respectively）. For wading birds,the ratio of body weight was relatively high（1. 18 ± 0. 03）while the ratio of body length,culmen length and tarsus-metatarsus length were relatively low（1. 07 ± 0. 01,1. 09 ± 0. 01 and 1. 08 ± 0. 2,respectively）. The morphological ratio of common water birds were approximate to 1 . 1~1 . 2 ,which showed that these birds mainly depend on the separation of ecological habits to live together. The closely related species really had analogously physical features,such as Common crane Grus grus and White-naped crane Grus vipio,Lesser white-fronted goose Anser erythropus and Greylag goose Anser anser,Falcated duck Anas falcata and Northern pintail Anas acuta,Spot-billed duck Anas poecilorhyncha and Eura-sian wigeon Anas penelope. But the similarity of Black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus,Pied avocet Recurvirostra avosetta,Eurasian spoonbill Platalea leucorodia and Grey heron Ardea cinerea were relatively low compared to other birds. On the basis of competitive exclusion principle,the relationship among morphological differentiation,coexis-tence and their population size were analyzed.