民族主义:当代马克思主义批评的质疑、辩护与重释

Nationalism:The Skepticism to,Defense for and Re-interpretation of Modern Marxism Criticism

以伊格尔顿、詹姆逊、安德森和阿赫默德等为代表的当代马克思主义批评家把如何认识和处理民族问题置于自己批判理论中一个十分显要的位置。通过对民族国家和民族主义性质、内涵与功能的细致考辨,当代马克思主义批评质疑了旧有意义的民族主义潜藏的二元对立和本质主义的思维方式可能导致的种族主义、排外、封闭和对抗的危险,民族国家对于社会革命和人类解放而言是一个狭隘、扭曲和异化的组织形式。尽管如此,当代马克思主义批评并没有因为对民族主义的质询而彻底否定它,相反在清算民族主义的大背景下为它作了审慎的辩护,他们均肯定民族主义在结束殖民制度中曾发挥的进步作用,对于今天的解放政治而言,民族国家依然是"唯一的现实领域与解释框架";另外,坚持民族差异性在抵抗资本主义全球文化趋同化上仍具有战略意义。在质疑和辩护的基础上,当代马克思主义批评对民族的内涵予以了多种方案的重释,主要包括安德森"想象的共同体"、伊格尔顿和阿赫默德"个别与普遍之统一的相关物"以及詹姆逊"表示自我和他者的关系性范畴"等民族论,它们都从某个方面发展了经典马克思主义批评的民族论。

Represented by Eagleton,Jameson,Anderson and Ahmad,contemporary Marxist critics highlight the way to address national problems in its critical theory.By researching the nature,essence and historic value of nationalism,they identify its strategic position in resisting capitalism,integrating and giving impetus to socialistic reform.They all acknowledge,on the one hand,nationalism plays a progressive part in terminating old colonialism;on the other hand,for today's political reform,national state is 'the only reality field and interpretation framework'.However,they also clearly realize and inquire about the danger and deficiency of the old nationalism in resisting capitalist globalization.In this respect,Marxist critics have transformed and reconstructed the connotation of nationalism,so as to echo the classic Marxist national view.As for Chinese Marxist literary criticism to adapt the national concept in globalization context,the discourses of nationalism from foreign Contemporary Marxist criticism are theoretical resources of both reference and vigilance.