把学习的权利还给学生——受教育权利的历史演进及当前发展的若干新动向

To Give the Learning Right back to Students:Evolution process of students' right to education and current new trends

始于200年前的社会现代化进程使传统的、以家庭为基础的教育遭遇了严重挑战,自此受教育开始成为普遍的公民权利并受到法律的肯定和保护。由于现代教育是在家庭之外,通过某种国家化的组织形式来实施的一种以同一性为基本特征的人才培养方式,因此它必定会与沿袭了数千年的家庭的或民间的教育传统构成冲突,使受教育权利的表现形态出现复杂的情况。随着社会文明程度的提高,人们开始强调教育对于自我的意义并提出各自不同的教育诉求,教育发展正进入一个以多样性为特征的新阶段。学习权说的出现表明受教育权利内涵的拓展开始为人们所意识并获得了一种确定的法理形式。一种以多样性和可选择性为基本特征的弹性学习制度正在萌芽,它贯彻学习者本位的新理念,强调知识学习过程中的自主选择,体现对差异性的尊重与适应,追求更加多样化的形式和种类以适应个人发展的独特性。

The social modernization course that started some 200 years ago has caused great severe challenge to the tradi- tional, family-based education ~ and henceforward education has started to become a universal right for the public that received legal acknowledgement and protection. Since modern education takes place outside the family,is a talent fostering method characterized with an identity being maintained in nationalized organization form, it would for certain give rise to conflict with the tradition of family and non-governmental way of education that has lasted for thousands of years and has diversified in form of performance. Along the advances of social civilization,people began to lay emphasis on the meaning of education to themselves and hence advocate different education appeals,which push education into a new stage with diversity. In fact, the proposal of the right to learning suggests that the expansion of the notion of education right has come to people＇s awareness and gained a definite legal principle. Then an elastic learning system is forming that is featured with diversity and selectivity. It implements the new idea of learner primacy, focusing on autonomous selection in knowledge learning process, showing re- spect and adaptability to individual difference and pursuing more diversified forms and types to adapt to the uniqueness of personal development.