宋金墓葬中杂剧砖雕的礼仪功能探析

The Ritual Functions of Brick Carvings with Zaju Themes in the Tombs in Song and Jin Dynasties

宋金时期,杂剧砖雕成为墓葬装饰的母题之一,并与墓主夫妇像或尚食场景具有空间构图上的平衡性,共同成为宋金时期墓葬装饰中最具吸引力的题材。本文通过宋金墓葬中的一个特例,发现这类题材在具体的设位陈器和空间配置上均可在神庙祭祀或祖先祭祀中找到依据。因此,可以说宋金时期墓葬中这类特定的题材并非是表现墓主夫妇"开芳宴"的盛况,而是对酬神场景或丧祭场景的模拟和再现。同时,此时期整个墓葬的中心虽然仍然是墓主之"神主",但墓主之"神主"既扮演了主祀的角色,又扮演着主祭的角色,这就将这时期的墓葬与汉唐墓葬区分开来,显现出自身的特色。

In Song and Jin Dynasties, brick carvings with scenes from Zaju （the poetic theatre） were one of the motif scenes in tomb decorations, and formed symmetrical structure with the scenes of host and hostess or kitchen scenes in the tombs. These scenes are the most intriguing part of the tomb decorations in Song and Jin Dynasties. This paper focuses on the decorations of one tomb of that period, and discusses how its arrangements of the specific scenes and the spatial structure are corresponding to those in the rituals of sacrifices for deities or ancestors. This paper argues that these scenes are not about banquets in the house of the host and hostess, but are imitations and presentations of the rituals of sacrifices to deities or rituals at funerals. Although the centers of tombs in that period remained the ＂eternal spirits＂, the eternal spirits both performed and enjoyed the sacrifices, which distinguishes the tombs in Song and Jin Dynasties from those in Han and Tang Dynasties