从雾霾论公众共用物的良法善治

On Good Law and Good Governance Concerning Commons from the Fog and Haze

大气是一种典型的公众共用物。包括雾霾在内的大气污染是一种典型的公众共用物悲剧。防治雾霾可以纳入防治公众共用物悲剧的轨道,通过建立健全防治公众共用物的治理和善治机制,可以有效地防治包括严重雾霾在内的公众共用物悲剧。在防治公众共用物悲剧时,应该采取包括"政府管理、市场调节、社会调整"这三种调整机制在内的多种调整机制,综合运用"三只手"去对付"一只脚",形成"政府主导、市场运作、公众参与"的公众共用物综合治理(善治)机制。制定有关公众共用物的良法是使公众共用物得到保护的前提,而良好的法律必须首先明确公众共用物及其使用权的性质和特点。法律上的公众共用物是一种独立形态的财富和资产,应该实现从三种财产到四种财产的转变。公众共用物使用权是公众共用物保护、供给和监管的核心,应该实现从三种权利到四种权利的转变。

The air is typical common, air pollution including the frog and haze is a typical tragedy of common. The prevention and control of the fog and haze which can be incorporated into orbit of the prevention and control of the tragedy of commons, through the establishing mechanism of commons governance and good governance, can prevent and control effectively the tragedy of commons such as the fog and haze. In order to prevent and control effectively the tragedy of commons, the adjustment mechanisms are suggested to be multiplied, including government administration, market adjustment and social regulation, to cope with ＂one foot＂ by comprehensive use ＂three hands＂. Good laws for commons are the premise of protection, therefore, the nature and character of the commons and the right of using commons should be clarified at first. The commons in law are independent property, we should implement changes from three properties to four properties. As the right of using commons is the core of protection, supply and management commons, We should implement changes from three rights to four rights.