从档案资料看苏德开战两年前关于势力范围问题的三次谈判

An Archive-based Examination of the Three Negotiations over the Sphere of Influence prior to the Start of the Soviet-German War Two Years ago

苏共十八大后,苏联应对德国侵略的外交政策转向"联合抗德"和"一国自保"并行。德国为防止苏联与英法结成反德同盟,答应在苏联的西部边境地区满足其利益范围要求,苏联在与英法谈判迟迟没有结果的情况下,终与德国签订了附有划分两国势力范围议定书的互不侵犯条约;1939年9月1日,德国从西部攻入波兰,随后苏联打着保卫原属俄国领土、现属波兰领土的西乌克兰和西白俄罗斯免遭德国进犯的旗号从东部出兵波兰。为了使并入苏联版图的波兰领土与其在出兵波兰时宣称要保护的地区相协调,苏联建议对苏德原先所做的势力范围划分进行调整。经过双方的讨价还价,最终达成了调整协定。1940年10月,德国以商谈大的利益范围划分为由邀请苏方来德谈判,在谈判中,德方企图将苏联的注意力引向印度洋方向,苏方则坚决主张只有在解决了与苏联西部边境安全有关的利益范围问题后才能商谈大的利益范围划分。这次谈判虽无果而终,但通过谈判双方均加深了对对方的认识和戒备。此后德国加快了侵苏的准备,苏联加紧了对德的备战。

After the 18th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, the Soviet Union shifted its foreign policy from combating the German invasion to ＂joint combat against Germany＂ and ＂self-protection＂. Germany intended to prevent the Soviet Union from forging an anti-German alliance with Britain and France by promising to gratify the Soviet Union＇s demand for its sphere of influence at its western borders. With no result yielded from its negotiations＆amp;nbsp;with Britain and France, the Soviet Union eventually signed a non-aggression treaty attached with a protocol which identified both countries＇ spheres of influence. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Afterwards, the Soviet Union sent troops into Poland under the banner of protecting western Ukraine and Belarus （formerly the Russian territories that now belong to Poland） from German invasion. The Soviet Union proposed to adjust the division of spheres of influence originally agreed with Germany so that the part of Polish territory to be included into the Soviet Union matched the part that the Soviet Union claimed to protect when sending troops into Poland. After bargaining, the two sides finally reached an adjusted agreement. In October 1940, Germany invited the Soviet Union to negotiate the division of general spheres of influence. During the negotiation, Germany attempted to divert the Soviet Union＇s attention to the Indian Ocean, whereas the Soviet Union insisted that the general spheres of influence be negotiated only after the issue was settled as to the sphere of influence concerning the security of the Soviet Union＇s western borders. The fruitless negotiation, nevertheless, deepened both parties＇ understanding of and precaution against each other. Afterwards, Germany accelerated its preparation to invade the Soviet Union who also intensified its preparation for the battle against Germany.