对“居民迁出”式遗产保护路径的效果评价和反思——以中山市翠亨村为例

Evaluation of and Reflection on Heritage Protection Path of Inhabitants' Out-migration——A Case Study of Cuiheng Village of Zhongshan City

我国古村落保护存在一个不容忽视的问题,即注重村落建筑的物质实体而忽视了作为社区主体的居民及其承载的社区文化。文章以孙中山故居所在地翠亨村为例,采用深度访谈、问卷调查和二手资料收集等方法,综合了社区、居民、游客、景区管理方四个维度,系统地对我国早期的"居民迁出"式遗产保护路径的效果展开评价和反思,研究发现:"居民迁出"式遗产保护模式对遗产地部分的物质遗产的保护取得一定效果,但忽视了居民这一文化遗产保护的主体和文化载体,造成了社区居民对村落文化认同的淡漠;翠亨村旅游发展后,孙中山故居越来越成为旅游符号,由于缺乏有效的社区参与途径,大部分居民无法实际参与旅游中,进而无法有效地认识到文化遗产保护的重要性;故居管委会在旅游发展的背景下囿于资金和人力的不足,面临遗产保护和旅游管理的双重困境。社区居民在遗产保护和旅游发展中的集体"缺位"是造成翠亨村现状的关键原因。

There has been a noticeable issue in the protection of historic villages in China, that＇s to say, people usually focus on the physical architecture rather than the community inhabitants and community culture. Based on the case study of Cuiheng Village, where Sun Yat-sen＇s Former Residence is located, the paper, with the methods of depth interview, questionnaire and second-hand data collection, evaluates and reflects on heritage protection path of inhabitants＇ out-mi- gration from the four dimensions of management of community, inhabitant, tourist and scenic spot. The findings are as follows： the heritage protection mode of inhabitants＇ out-migration has some positive effects on the physical heritage ; however, there exists the negligence of inhabitants who are the subjects of cultural heritage protection and cultural carri- ers, which results in inhabitants＇ low consciousness of village cultural identity ; with the development of Cuiheng Village tourism, Sun Yat-sen＇ s Former Residence has increasingly become a tourism symbol, but most inhabitants have little ac- cess to tourism industry and are unable to realize the importance of cultural heritage protection due to the lack of effective community participation; and the administrative committee of Sun Yat-sen＇s Former Residence is in a dilemma between heritage protection and tourism development because of the lack of funds and hmnan resources. The collective absence of community inhabitants in heritage protection and tourism development is the key reason for the situation of Cuiheng Vil- lage.