重金属矿山生态治理与环境修复技术进展

Technology advances of ecological restoration and environmental remediation of heavy metal mines

在重金属矿山长期开发过程中,由于长期忽视生态环境保护与恢复治理,使矿山植被、景观、土地、水体均遭受不同程度污染破坏。基于重金属矿山治理目标,采用文献综述的方式,通过对国内外最新矿山重金属污染生态治理技术的梳理,凝练出地质地貌工程、植被修复、土壤基质修复等3个大方向,并进一步确定出7个技术大类和18种治理技术手段;同时,基于此基础,提出重金属矿山的生态环境治理,需要在治理开始阶段、初步修复阶段以及基本修复完成与后续等3个不同的阶段中,分别针对性的采用矿山生态破坏及环境污染现状的调查、修复技术应用以及后续的维护管理及开发等技术管理手段。结论认为,矿山重金属污染生态环境修复治理,需要针对其不同所处阶段,建立相应的修复模型,同时要通过可持续性的修复技术和生态维护平台,加强其前期分析和后续风险评估和综合利用的研究,从而达到重金属矿山有效修复的目标。

During the process of the e xploitation of heavy metals mines in China, both vegetation, landscape,land and water are all destroyed in varying degrees due to long-term neglection of ecological environmental protection and restoration. Heavy metal pollution result in soil quality degeneration which seriously threats human health and the natural ecological system. In this article, the ecological restoration technology of heavy metal mines area was reviewed. Three major repair measures involving geological engineering, vegetation restoration and soil remediation were covered, and seven technology categories and eighteen control techniques were put forward. Furthermore, the technical process scheme for the heavy metal pollution of mining ecological restoration is established, which is used to provide reference for mine ecological environment management including the investigation of pollution situation, the application of remediation techniques, and subsequent maintenance and development in the early stages of repair, preliminary stage as well as the later stage. In conclusion, the heavy metal pollution of mining requires building different fix models according to its status. Meanwhile, it also needs to strengthen the research of analysis in early stage, risk assessment in later period and comprehensive utilization. Accordingly, we are able meet the goal to restore the mine effectively.