二里头牙璋(VM3∶4)在南中国的波及——中国早期国家政治制度起源和扩散

Spreading of Erlitou Yazhang(VM3:4) in South China: Origin and Dispersal of Early Political States and Order in China

二里头时代牙璋是国家政治制度一种物质的象征。近半世纪以来,有关夏商阶段牙璋的研究,取得了巨大的成果。然而无可否认,过去学界基本是集中对牙璋年代、类型学对比等的研究。本文另辟蹊径,重视牙璋细部的分析。我们认为,牙璋局部特征的辨识,对牙璋体系的论证,具有决定性的作用。本文希望为牙璋研究方法论提供一个新的视角。綜合东亚地区出土牙璋分析显示,二里头VM3∶4牙璋在南中国曾产生过重要的影响,在中国西南金沙所见影响是直接的,在东南地区大湾、虎林山则是间接的波及。二里头牙璋在南中国地区的复制,可被视为原生国家向次生国家波及的一种表现。我们相信通过二里头牙璋等实物,足以论证夏王朝政治理念的实践,也是东亚广域国家起源的关键。今后除了寻找夏王朝同时期的文字证据以外,考古的遗迹和实物对夏王朝的实证,同样具有科学性意义和决定性作用。

The Erlitou yazhang is a material representation of political order and research into yazhang in the XiaShang period has no doubt produced impressive results in the last half century. The focus has been principally on yazhang chronology and comparative typology, however, and this paper alms to turn the attention to the analysis of details on yazhang attributes, particularly on the projecting flanges. We believe that the identification of detailed characteristics is crucial to distinguishing yazhang systems and we hope that it will add a new perspective to the studies of yazhang. Our analysis of yazhang tmearthed in East Asia suggests that the Erlitou VM3：4 yaz.hang had significant influence in south China. Our evidence suggests that Erlitou had direct contact with Jinsha culture （Sichuan） in southwest China and relatively indirect interactions with Tai Wan culture （Hong Kong） and Hulinshan＇s Fubin culture （Guangdong） in southeast China.The replication of Erlitou yazhang in south China can be seen as a representation of political order spreading from a primary state to secondary states. Through analyses of Erlitou yazhang and other material evidence, it is possible to establish the political symbolisms used in the Xia dynasty, which is also significant for demonstrating the origin of states and political systems in wider East Asia. While the search for written evidence from the Xia period continues, archaeological remains and artifacts can provide scientific and crucial evidence to the substantiation of the Xia dynasty.