顾颉刚夏史研究与夏文化早期探索

Gu Jiegang's Study on Xia History and Early Exploration of Xia Culture

本文着眼于顾颉刚先生的夏代史研究,企图厘清其在此问题上的前后变化,并辨明"古史辨"学者对夏代史究竟持何种意见。他在"古史辨"运动初期曾经相信"禹或是九鼎上铸的一种动物",但很快就放弃了此观点,而主要关注禹是否具有神性及其如何与尧舜发生联系的。上世纪二三十年代之交,他先后在中山大学、燕京大学讲授"中国上古史",为编写讲义开始系统研究夏代史,并与童书业合撰《夏史考》。配合上古史研究同时新开"古代地理研究"课,因而涉及《禹贡》等地理著作,并对"九州"、"四岳"等作出回答,由此激发他从崭新角度研究夏代史。终其一生,他是"疑禹"而不"疑夏",即始终怀疑大禹是否为真实的人王,但从未怀疑夏代的存在为历史事实。所以他积极倡导建设真实的夏代史,并认为其唯一途径在于考古学,而始终关注考古学在此领域的新进展。

This paper presents a comprehensive review on Gu Jiegang＇s study on the Xia history and attempts to explore Gu＇s changing views and the attitude of Gushibian scholars about the Xia history. In the early days of the Gushibian Movement, Gu believed that King Yu, legendary founder of the Xia dynasty, was actually a kind of beast pattern decorating bronze vessels ding. Later, Gu changed his opinion and focused on how Yu was associated with Kings Yao and Shun. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, as a professor of history of antique China at Sun Yat- sen University and Yenching University, Gu made a systematic study on the Xia history and finished the book Studies on Xia History with the help of his student Tong Shuye. Meanwhile, Gu started his study on ancient geography based on Yu Gong [禹贡]. He explained issues such as ＂九州＂ and ＂四岳＂ which encouraged him to carry out study on the Xia history from a new perspective. Generally, Gu doubted the authenticity of King Yu but not the existence of the Xia dynasty. Believing that archaeology is the only way to reconstruct a reliable Xia history, Gu gave close attention to the progress in archaeology.