重金属对昆虫的生态生理效应

Ecophysiological effects of heavy metals on insects

本文综述了重金属对昆虫生态生理学研究的最新进展,指出了研究的不足和应着重关注的研究方向。短期重金属暴露对昆虫有急性毒性,而长期暴露有引起昆虫对重金属污染产生适应性进化的风险。重金属对昆虫的毒性依重金属浓度、暴露时间和染毒方式而异,也会通过食物链传递和积累而影响昆虫及其天敌之间的关系。重金属对昆虫的生理毒性包括降低血细胞或血淋巴内的能量物质、引起氧化还原平衡失调、抑制细胞免疫和体液免疫、破坏昆虫细胞或组织的完整性。昆虫对重金属胁迫的生理和生态适应包括对重金属的储存和排出,解毒相关蛋白的诱导,甚至重金属耐性的进化。

In this article the up-to-date progress of the ecophysiological effects of heavy metals on insects was reviewed,and the pitfalls concerning the ecophysiological studies of heavy metals on insects were also discussed. Short-term exposure to heavy metals may cause acute toxicity to insects,while chronic exposure probably results in adaptive evolution of insects to these inorganic materials. The toxicity of heavy metals is dependent on concentration,time of exposure and feeding patterns. The toxicity of heavy metals could also be transferred through prey-predator interaction. The physiological toxicity of heavy metals to insects includes decreased amount of energy materials in haemolymph and / or haemocytes,imbalance of redox state,suppression of cellular and / or humoral immunocompetence,and dis-integrity of insect cells and / or tissues. However,insects have developed physiological and ecological strategies to cope with the toxicity of heavy metals,e. g.,storage of heavy metals in specific tissues or organs,excretion of heavy metals through defecation and / or molting,induction of metal-detoxifying proteins and even development of local adaptation.