我国人力资本回报率城乡差异:全国调研数据的实证分析

An Analysis of the Differentials of the Rates of Return to Human Capital between Urban and Rural Labor Force Based on National Survey Data

采用分位数回归方法从受教育年限、现职任职期和其他工作经验三个方面分析整体工资分布上人力资本回报率的城乡差异,研究结果发现:城镇劳动力的人力资本回报率总体上高于农村劳动力,但人力资本回报率的城乡差异在工资分布的不同位置存在不对称现象,这说明对于不同工资收入阶层的城乡劳动力来讲,其人力资本回报率的差异并不相同。具体而言,教育回报率的城乡差异由工资分布的低分位数到高分位数呈现缩小趋势,这说明随着工资水平的提高,教育回报率的城乡差异逐渐缩小,对于处于工资分布顶端的两群体来讲,这种差异并不明显;任期回报率城乡差异的研究结果与教育回报率相近;而从经验回报率的研究结果来看,经验回报率的城乡差异在整个工资分布上并无明显的趋势变化。

Using quantile regression, this paper examined the differentials of the rates of return to human capital between urban and rural labor force on the wage distribution from three aspects i. e. years of schooling, tenure and other work experience. The results show that the rates of return to human capital of urban labor force is higher than that of rural labor force on the whole, but the differentials of the rates of return to human capital between urban and rural labor force on the wage distribution are not asymmetric, which indicates that the differentials of the rates of return to hu- man capital are different for different income brackets. Specifically, the difference of the rates of re- turn to education between urban and rural labor force is shrinking from low quantiles to high quan- tiles of the wage distribution, which means that along with the wage increasing, the difference of the rates of return to education reduces gradually between urban and rural labor force. In the top of the wage distribution, the difference is not obvious; the difference of the rates of return to tenure is similar to the education; for the difference of the rates of return to experience, we do not find the obvious trend on the wage distribution. The results indicate that more attention should be paid on household registration discrimination against the rural labor force with low income.