明代政治生态与士大夫政治文化的双向路线

The Two Paths of Political Ecology and Scholar-official Political Culture in the Ming Dynasty

明代严苛、暴虐的政治生态,使得士大夫政治文化出现了与宋代不同的状况。以王阳明为代表的士大夫,认识到在这样的政治生态下无法实现"得君行道"的上行路线,开始转向"觉民行道"的下行路线,这既是王阳明思想的转变,也是明代士大夫政治文化的转变。在传统的皇权制度政治结构和政治理念没有根本性改变的情况下,士大夫们很难放弃"得君行道"的路线。王阳明之后,士大夫在民间从事讲学活动以求觉民行道的同时,并没有放弃"得君行道"的上行路线,其中的王龙溪和焦竑颇具有代表性。明代士大夫政治文化中"觉民行道"的下行路线与"得君行道"上行路线的并存,是明代士大夫适应惨烈的政治生态而被逼发出来的取向。

The harsh and tyrannical political ecology of the Ming Dynasty brought about differences to the political culture of the scholar-officials, compared with that of the Song Dynasty. The scholar-officials represented by Wang Mingyang went through a mental shift from ＂implementing political plans through wise emperors＂ to ＂awakening the people to carry out political plans＂. When the traditional political structure and concepts had remained basically unchanged, it was difficult for most scholar-officials to part with the former. However, since the shift of Wang, they began to change. Thus, those two ways of action worked at the same time as a result of their adaptation to the harsh political situation.