明初藩王护卫牧羊制度的起源与演变

Research on the Origin and Changes of the Guard Troops Shepherd System of Seigniors in the Early of the Ming Dynasty

洪武十一年,秦王朱樉、晋王朱棡之国,朱元璋将散养于民间的晋府官羊集中起来交给晋府护卫统一牧养,揭开了藩王护卫牧羊制度的序幕。洪武末年,朱元璋试图建立起以晋王朱棡、燕王朱棣为核心的"藩王守边"的备边体制,设计出一套完整的藩王护卫屯牧制度——内外诸王领护卫屯牧塞上,平时牧耕,战时备边。诸王、驸马被赐予大量羊只实边,护卫牧羊制度的发展达到顶峰。永乐、宣德以降,在朝廷抑制藩王、裁撤护卫与蒙古势力持续南侵的双重作用下,藩王护卫屯牧制度遭到破坏,护卫牧羊制度逐渐隐没于王府田庄经济的发展之中。

In the reign of Hongwu （洪武）, after the Qin King Zhu Shuang （秦王朱横） and the Jin king Zhu Gang （晋王朱桐）＂ reach their own nations＂, Zhu Yuanzhang （朱元璋） ordered the flock of sheep or goats, which was grazed by ordinary people, hand over to the guard troops shepherd of Jin Kingdom Fu （晋王府）. These are the origin of the guard troops shepherd system of seigniors. At the end of Hongwu （洪武） period, Zhu Yuanzhang （朱元璋 tried to built the system of protec- ting for state frontier hy seigniors, such as the Jin King Zhu Gang and Yan King Zhu Di （燕王朱棣）. The seigniors led their guard troops to the frontier in the war time and returned the king palace to graze in ordinary time. Following rewarded much sheep to the members of the royal family, the guard troops shepherd system reached its peak. During the Yongle （永乐） and Xuande （宣德） period, with the influence of inhibiting seigniors and cutting their guard troops, and along with the Mongolian forces continued, the guard troops shepherd system of lost gradually in the princes--owned farmland economic activities.