水稻化感作用与杂草的生物防治

Rice Allelopathy to Weed and Weed Biological Control

自20世纪70年代不同作物化感抗(耐)杂草相继报道后,水稻作为模式植物和全世界最主要的粮食作物,在化感抗杂草以减少除草剂应用的杂草综合治理方面进行了广泛研究。各国科学家评价确定了一系列具有化感抗(耐)杂草的水稻种质材料以及化感活性物质,在此基础上开展了化感抗草生理生化机理、遗传学、新品种培育等的研究。水稻的化感抗(耐)杂草是水稻植株向环境释放化学物质从而抑制或影响周围杂草生长的作用,以化感作用控制有害生物是利用植物体的自身防御或抗逆能力,是一种资源节约、环境友好的杂草生物防治方法,有助于促进农业的可持续发展。本文就化感作用、水稻化感抗性评价、抗性机理、化感作用抗(耐)杂草的进展进行概述。

Allelopathy was defined in 1996 by IAS （international allelopathy society） as any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plant, algae, bacteria and fungi that influences the growth and development of agricultural and biological systems. Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were reported in the 1970s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic rice, the mode plant and one of the most important staple food crops, offers an integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide usage. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic rice cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Molecular approaches have elucidated the mechanism and genetics of allelopathy, and traditional breeding efforts were initiated to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Atlelopathy of rice against to weeds was the effect of rice on growth of weeds through the release of compounds into environment. Application of allelopathic rice cultivars is thought a resources conservation and environmental friendly way of weed bio-control, and could promote the sustainable development of agriculture. In this paper, the situation of research on rice allelopathy was reviewed in evaluation method, mechanism and the possibility of application.