人力资源、税收、所有制与企业年金参保——基于家庭金融微观数据的实证研究

The Effects of Human Resources,Tax,& Ownership on Participation in Enterprise Annuities:A Empirical Study Based on Household Finance Micro-data

截至2013年底,中国企业年金的参保职工占基本养老保险参保职工的比重仅为8.50%,很难起到真正有效的补充作用。基于中国家庭金融调查(2011年)数据,从人力资源效应、节税效应和所有制效应等企业提供企业年金的激励因素着手,考察中国企业年金参保影响因素。结果显示:(1)人力资源效应得到验证,文化程度、工作年限、职称和职务与职工企业年金参保概率正相关;(2)节税效应没有得到验证,地方政府如果出台过比中央更优惠的企业年金税收政策,该地职工参保概率反而更低;(3)所有制效应得到验证,国有企业的参保概率更高,干部和职工在参保方面更加公平。这表明:激励中国企业建立企业年金的主要市场因素是企业年金的人力资源效应,企业借企业年金吸引、激励、保留员工;主要非市场因素是所有制效应,国有企业借企业年金打破薪酬管制;税收优惠政策的作用有待进一步考察。政府应考虑对企业年金覆盖率、缴费水平等进行更详尽的数量规制,并制定职工导向的税收优惠政策。

Using the China Household Finance and Survey(CHFS,2011) data,this article examines the effects of human resources,tax,and ownership on participation possibilities in enterprise annuities. Multiple logit regressions analysis shows that:(1) Participation possibility is significantly,positively related with education,tenure,technology title and position;(2)Local tax favored treatments,which allow more pre-tax contributions than the central government does,are associated with lower participation possibility;(3) State-owned enterprises,in which there is no significant difference in participation possibilities between managers and employees,are associated with higher participation possibility. These results present that:(1) Employers utilize enterprise annuity to attract,activate and retain employees;(2)State-owned enterprises utilize enterprise annuity to evade compensation regulation;(3)The effects of tax favored treatments are not clear. Thus,detailed regulations for participation & contributions,and employees-oriented tax favored treatments are suggested. The cross sectional data used here limit this study,so longitudinal data analysis is expected. These findings can assist policy makers in compensation regulations for state-owned enterprises and tax favored treatments. This study increases understanding of the determinants of participation in China's enterprise annuities.