我国优质高等教育资源分布格局的百年演变——基于民国以来的历史考察

Evolution of Higher Education Resource Distribution Pattern in a Hundred Years——A Historical Investigation since the Republic of China

自民国以来，我国优质高等教育资源经历了国立大学、重点大学、“211工程”大学和“985工程”大学三次变化。尽管我国优质高等教育资源不断增加，但分布不均衡是其显著特征，具体表现为省际差异和区域不均衡。从省际分布来看，优质高等教育资源经历了从相对均衡到不均衡的转变；从区域分布来看，东部优质高等教育资源无论是在数量上还是在质量上都强于中西部，而优质高等教育资源“南强北弱”的格局则逐渐演变为“北强南弱”。我国优质高等教育资源的分布与政权中心的变迁和区域整体经济发展程度关系密切，但与各省、市、自治区经济发展程度并非呈简单的正相关。因此，促进各省、市、自治区经济发展实力的提升与政府宏观调控相结合是扭转优质高等教育资源分布失衡格局的应有逻辑。

Since the Republic of China, the quality higher education resources in China have experienced three evolution including national universities to key universities, and ＂211＂ project universities and ＂985＂ project universities. In spite of its continuous increase of education resources, education in Chi- na is characterized with uneven distribution, especially the interprovincial disparity and regional im- balance. Concerning the interprovincial distribution, higher education resources experiences a trans- formation from relative balance to imbalance. Besides, quality of higher education in the eastern part of China is superior to that in mid-western part in terms of qua｜ity and quantity regionally. Mean- while, the pattern that ＂the amount of quality higher education in the southern is more than that in the northern part of China＂ has changed. Distribution of quality higher education resources is insepara- bly connected with the change of political center and the overall development of regional economy. But it is not completely related to the municipal and provincial economy development. Logically, the inte- gration of municipal and provincial economic development capacity with governmental macro-manage- ment is the key to reverse the imbalance.