3D打印中的“复制”与“合理使用”

Reproduction and Fair Use in the 3D Printing

在3D打印带来的知识产权问题中,议论较多的是相关"复制"与"合理使用"问题。实质上,3D打印是一种制造,其"打印"行为所产生的"产品"不是一般著作权法意义上的"复制品",而是载有知识产权的有形物品,有一定的经济利益。因此,已有知识产权法中的"复制"、"合理使用"制度不能简单套用于3D打印;当下有人认定的3D打印中的"复制"和"合理使用"本质上是"一种未经权利人同意的作品使用行为",已经与特定的"物"联系起来,且给权利人带来了经济损失。它们是否为侵权行为,在我国著作权法上难以直接找到法律依据;著作权法规定的"使用他人作品,应当支付报酬而未支付的"似乎与这些行为相关,但它们无正当理由适用前项规定。对此,可以基于著作权作为一种财产权之事实,将此种情况视为一种财产侵权行为,适用一般侵权行为法。然而,在3D打印普及情形下,为更为有效地保护权利人利益,可以在著作权法中增加"未经许可或无法定原因使用他人作品,损害权利人合法利益的"作为侵权行为之一。

The reproduction and fair use issues have been discussed more frequently as for in- tellectual property （IP） resulting from 3D Printing. In essence, 3D printing is a new kind of man- ufacturing, and the products reproduced by 3D printing are not the duplicates in terms of general copyright law, but tangible objects with certain IP which contains certain economic interests. Therefore, current legal regimes concerning reproduction and fair use in the IP law cannot be simply applied to aD printing. Reproduction and fair use in 3D printing, which have been believed by some persons, are actually the acts using copyrighted works without authors＇ authorization, which are closely associated with the tangible properties, and make right-holders suffer economic losses. However, it is difficult to determine whether the acts are infringement or not according to the Copyright Law of China. The provision in the Copyright Law about ＂exploiting a work crea- ted by another person without paying remuneration as one should＂ seems to be related to the acts above-mentioned, hut there is no proper basis for applying the provision to them. Therefore, these acts shall be regarded as infringement of copyrighted works according to the fact that copy righted works are properties, and the general tort law shall be applied. Nevertheless, in the situa- tion of widespread 3D printing, it shall be a more effective measure for protecting right-holders rights to add the following provision as one kind of infringement of copyrighted works in the Copyright Law： using others＇ copyrighted works without the authorization or statutory reason which produces damages to the right-holders.