微观史学的研究对象和方法

The Contents and Methods of Microhistory

微观史学又被称之为日常生活史学,是历史学的一个全新研究领域和分支学科,其研究对象为特定历史文化、政治事件、民族和宗教背景下人类的日常生活,人类的意识和行为也是其关注对象,其研究目的是从个体行为中洞察整体社会特征,从个体的具体活动环境阐释其生活状态和社会作用。关于微观史学的研究方法,学术界至今众说纷纭,其研究内容和对象也各抒己见,但微观史学研究方法的跨学科性已达成共识,开始把社会学、心理学和民族学等方法引入微观史学研究。俄罗斯微观史学兴起于1990年,研究成果显著,俄罗斯学者将日常生活条件、饮食结构、家庭和性生活特征等内容也纳入微观史学的研究对象。俄罗斯微观史学研究虽起步较晚,但该学科在促进俄罗斯社会思想解放、摆脱苏联传统思想桎梏等方面意义重大。

Microhistory is also called Alltagsgeschichte, which is a new historical research field, mainly studies specific history and culture, political events,humar/s daily life in the ethnic and religious contexts, human~ s consciousness and behaviors. It attempts to insight into the overall social characteristics from individual behaviors, explain living conditions and social roles on the basis of specific individual activities. Opinions usually vary on its methods and contents, however, the Academia have reached extensive consensus on the interdisciplinarity of microhistory Methodology, and then gradually introduced the sociological, psychological and ethnological approaches into the scope of microhistory. Although the Russian scholars began late in microhistory study , which only could date from the 1990s, they have achieved yield impressive results. The scholars not only concentrated on the above mentioned areas, but also introduced other contents such as daily living conditions, dietary structure, traits of family and sexual life etc. into the scope of microhistory, eventually had great significance in slipping the leash and emancipating the mind.